3D IMAGING OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES: A REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5566/ias.v31.p65-77Keywords:
quantitative microscopy, particle size analysis, surfometry, tomography, volumetryAbstract
In recent years, impressive progress has been made in digital imaging and in particular in three dimensional visualisation and analysis of objects. This paper reviews the most recent literature on three dimensional imaging with a special attention to particulate systems analysis. After an introduction recalling some important concepts in spatial sampling and digital imaging, the paper reviews a series of techniques with a clear distinction between the surfometric and volumetric principles. The literature review is as broad as possible covering materials science as well as biology while keeping an eye on emerging technologies in optics and physics. The paper should be of interest to any scientist trying to picture particles in 3D with the best possible resolution for accurate size and shape estimation. Though techniques are adequate for nanoscopic and microscopic particles, no special size limit has been considered while compiling the review.
References
Adi,S. Adi,H., Chan,H-K, Young,P.M., Traini, D. Yan R. and Yu A., 2008, Scanning White-Light Interferometry as a Novel Technique to Quantify the Surface Roughness of Micron-Sized Particles for Inhalation, Langmuir, Vol 24 (19), pp 11307–11312.
Baruchel, J., Buffiere, J.Y., Maire, E., Merle, P., and Peix, G., 2000, Xray Tomography in Materials Science: Paris, Hermes.
Bujak, B., Bottlinger, M., 2008, Three-Dimensional Measurement of Particle Shape, Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 25 (2008) 293–297
Cao, S., Tirry, W., van den Broek, W. and Schryvers, D., ,2009, Optimization of a FIB/SEM slice-and-view study of the 3D distribution of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in Ni–Ti, J Microsc, Vol. 233, Pt 1, pp. 61–68
Cherney, D.P. and Harris, J.M., 2010, Confocal Raman Microscopy of Optical-Trapped Particles in Liquids, Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 3: 277-297
Chinga, G., Johnsen, P. O., and Diserud, O., 2004, Controlled serial grinding for high-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction: J Microsc, v. 214, p. 13-21.
Dinger, D.R., and White, E.W., 1976, Analysis of polished sections as a method for the quantitative 3-D characterization of particulate materials, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Vol. 3, 1976, pp. 409-415
Dorst, L., and Smeulders, A.W., 1987, Length estimators for digitized contours: Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing, v.440, p. 311-333.
Friedbacher G, Hansma PK, Ramli E and Stucky GD, 1991, Imaging powders with the atomic force microscope: from biominerals to commercial materials, Science, Vol. 253, N°5025, pp. 1261-1263
Garboczi, E.J., Cheok, G.S. and Stone, W.C., 2006, Using LADAR to characterize the 3-D shape of aggregates: Preliminary results, Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 36, Issue 6, June 2006, Pages 1072-1075
He, H., 2010, Computational Modelling of Particle Packing in Concrete, TU Delft, PhD Thesis
Holzer,L., Muench, B. Wegmann, M. Gasser, Ph., Flatt R.J., 2006, FIB- Nanotomography of Particulate Systems—Part I: Particle Shape and Topology of Interfaces, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 89 [8] 2577–2585
Kaneko, K., Inoke, K., Freitag, B., Hungria, A.B., Midgley, P.A., Hansen, Th., Zhang,J., Ohara, S. and Adschiri, T. (2007). "Structural and Morphological Characterization of Cerium Oxide Nanocrystals Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis." Nano Letters 7(2): 421-425.
Kempkes, M., Vetter, V. Mazzotti, M., 2010, Measurement of 3D particle size distributions by stereoscopic imaging, Chemical Engineering Science, 65, 4, 1362
Konagai, K., C. Tamura, P. Rangelow and T. Matsushima: Laser-Aided Tomography: A Tool for Visualization of Changes in the Fabric of Granular Assemblage, Structural Eng./ Earthquake Eng., 9(3), 193s-201s, JSCE, 1992
Lanaro, F., and Tolppanen, P., 2002, 3D characterization of coarse aggregates: Engineering Geology, v. 65, p. 17-30.
Latham, S. J., Varslot, T., & Sheppard, A. ,2008, Automated registration for augmenting micro-CT 3D images. Anziam Journal, Vol. 50, 534-548.
Limam S., Califice A., Pena C., Pirard E. and Detournay E., 2010, 3D and 2D particle image analysis of rock chips generated by core scratch tests, in World Congress on Particle Technology, Nürnberg.
Maire, E., Persson Gulda, M., Nakamura, N., Jensen, K., Margolis, E., Friedsam, C. and Spaepen, F., 2011, Three Dimensional Confocal Microscopy Study of Boundaries between Colloidal Crystals, in Proulx, T. (Ed) Optical Measurements, Modeling, and Metrology, Vol. 5; Proceedings of the 2011 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics.
Malkiel, E., Abras, J. and Katz J., 2004, Automated scanning and measurements of particle sistributions within a holographic reconstructed volume, Measurement Science and Technology Volume 15 Number 4, 601-612.
Matsushima, T., Saomoto, H., Matsumoto, M, Toda, K., Yamada, Y., 2003, Discrete element simulation of an assembly of irregularly shaped grains: quantitative comparison with experiments. In: 16th ASCE EngineeringMechanics Conference, July 16–18, 2003 University of Washington, Seattle.
Meloy, T. P., 1977, A hypothesis for morphological characterization of particles and physiochemical properties: Powder Technology, v. 16, p. 233-253
Meyer, F., 1992, Mathematical morphology: from two dimensions to three dimensions: Journal of Microscopy, v. 165, p. 5-28
Miller, J., 2010, Characterisation, analysis and simulation of multiphase particulate systems using high-resolution microtomography (HRXMT), Proceedings XXV Int. Mineral Processing Congress, Brisbane.
Niederoest, M., Niederoest, J., and Scucka, J., 2004, Shape from focus : fully automated 3D reconstruction and visualization of microscopic objects: International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,, v. XXXIV.
Pirard, E., and Dislaire, G., 2005, Robustness of Planar Shape Descriptors of Particles, in Proc. Int. Assoc. Mathematical Geology (IAMG), Toronto.
Podsiadlo, P., and Stachowiak, G. W., 1997, Characterization of surface topography of wear particles by SEM stereoscopy: Wear, v. 206(1-2), p. 39-52.
Rao A., Schoenenberger M., Gnecco E., Glatzel Th., Meyer E., Brändlin D., Scandella L., 2007, Characterization of nanoparticles using Atomic Force Microscopy, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Vol. 61, 971-976.
Russ, J.C. and de Hoff, R., 2000, Practical Stereology, Plenum Press.
Sassov, A., 2000, State of art micro-CT: X-RAY MICROSCOPY: Proceedings of the VI International Conference, Berkeley, California (USA), 2000/05/15/, 2000, p. 515-520.
Schermelleh L, Carlton PM, Haase S, Shao L, Winoto L, Kner P, Burke B, Cardoso MC, Agard DA, Gustafsson MG, Leonhardt H, Sedat JW., 2008, Subdiffraction multicolor imaging of the nuclear periphery with 3D structured illumination microscopy, Science, Vol 320, n° 5881, 1332-1336.
Shao L, Isaac B, Uzawa S, Agard DA, Sedat JW, Gustafsson MG., 2008, I5S: wide-field light microscopy with 100-nm-scale resolution in three dimensions, Biophys J., Vol. 94, n°12, 4971-4983.
Spowart, J., Mullens, H. and Puchala T., 2003, Collecting and Analyzing Microstructures in Three Dimensions: A Fully Automated Approach, JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Vol 55, n°10, pp 35-38.
Starostina N, Brodsky M, Prikhodko S, Hoo CM, Mecartney ML and West P., 2008, AFM capabilities in characterization of particles and surfaces: from angstroms to microns, J Cosmet Sci., Vol. 59(3), pp. 225-232.
Stoyan, D., Kendall, W. S., and Mecke, J., 1995, Stochastic Geometry and its Applications: Chichester, Wiley.
Sueda, S., Yoshida, K., Tanaka, N., 2010, Quantification of metallic nanoparticle morphology on TiO2 using HAADF-STEM tomography, Ultramicroscopy, Vol 110, Issue 9, pp 1120-1127
Tang, X., de Rooij, M.R., van Duynhoven, J. and van Breugel, K. (2008), Dynamic volume change measurements of cereal materials by environmental scanning electron microscopy and videomicroscopy, J. Microsc. 230(1), 100-107.
Thurley, M. and Andersson, T. ,2007, An industrial 3D vision system for size measurement of iron ore green pellets using morphological image segmentation. Minerals Engineering, 21(5), 405–415.
Uchic, M., Groeber, M., Rollett, A., (2011) Automated serial sectioning methods for rapid collection of 3-D microstructure data, JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Vol 63, 3, 25-29
Wadell, H. A., 1933, Sphericity and roundness of rock particles: J Geology, v. 41, p. 310-331
Weyland, M. and Midgley, P.A., 2004, Electron tomography, Materials Today, Vol 7, Issue 12, pp. 32-40.
Yamamoto, K. I., Inoue, T., Miyajima, T., Doyama, T., and Sugimoto, M., 2002, Measurement and evaluation of three-dimensional particle shape under constant particle orientation with a tri-axial viewer: Advanced Powder Technology, v. 13 (2), p. 181-200.
Yemez, Y., and Schmitt, F., 2004, 3D reconstruction of real objects with high resolution shape and texture: Image and Vision Computing, v. 22, p. 1137-1153.
